Complete Guide to Visiting Istanbul

Embark on an unforgettable journey to Istanbul, a city that bridges two continents and weaves together a rich tapestry of history, culture, and modernity. From the majestic mosques and ancient palaces to the bustling markets and vibrant neighborhoods, Istanbul offers a captivating blend of old-world charm and contemporary allure. Whether you’re strolling through the historic streets of Sultanahmet or savoring the delectable flavors of Turkish cuisine, each moment in this enchanting city is a treasure waiting to be discovered.

How to Travel to Istanbul?

Traveling to Istanbul is an exciting experience, and the city is well-connected with various transportation options. Here are the ways to travel to Istanbul:

• By Air. Istanbul is well-connected with two main airports:
  • Istanbul Airport (IST). The city’s primary international airport is located on the European side, serving flights worldwide.
  • Sabiha Gökçen International Airport (SAW). Located on the Asian side, it serves as a hub for many low-cost carriers.
• By Train. International train services like the Balkan Express connect Istanbul to European cities such as Bucharest, Sofia, and Belgrade.
• By Bus. Istanbul has bus connections with various cities in Turkey and neighboring countries, providing an affordable travel option.
• By Car. If you prefer a road trip, you can drive to Istanbul. However, be mindful of traffic, parking challenges, and road tolls.

Remember to check visa requirements, transportation options, and other essential travel details before embarking on your journey to Istanbul.

Visa Requirements for Istanbul

Visa requirements for traveling to Istanbul vary based on your purpose of travel and visa agreement with Turkey. Checking the specific visa requirements based on your country of residence before making travel plans is crucial. See here whether you need a visa for Turkey.

You will typically be asked to submit certain documents when you apply for a Turkish visa. These may include a completed visa application form, a valid passport, proof of your travel itinerary, and evidence of sufficient funds to cover your expenses during your stay. Additionally, you must provide a recent visa photo that meets the specific photo requirements set by the Turkish authorities.

Please note that regardless of your country of residence, if you plan to stay longer in Turkey (more than 90 days), you must apply for a residence permit. This requirement applies to all travelers seeking to extend their stay beyond the permitted visa-free period.

Travel Insurance for Istanbul

Travel insurance is a mandatory requirement for Turkey visa applicants. Some countries, like certain EU countries, have visa-free entry for up to 30 days, while others can apply for an e-Visa. If you are exempt from obtaining a visa for Turkey, travel insurance is not compulsory but highly recommended. It is always wise to have travel insurance when visiting a foreign country, even if it is not obligatory.

Medical Emergency Information

In case of a medical emergency in Istanbul, call 112 for immediate assistance. The city has reputable hospitals, such as Acıbadem, Florence Nightingale, and American Hospital Istanbul, ensuring access to quality medical care. Ensure you carry the necessary medication information and a copy of your prescription, including generic names, to facilitate refills.

Language barriers may exist, so having a medical translation card or a translation app with common medical terms in Turkish can be helpful when communicating with healthcare professionals. Always prioritize your safety and seek prompt medical attention if needed. Familiarize yourself with the nearest medical facilities to your accommodation and keep important emergency numbers, including your embassy or consulate, readily accessible.

Transportation in Istanbul

Transportation in Istanbul is well-developed, offering an extensive public transportation system with buses, trams, metro lines, and ferries accessible through the Istanbulkart. The Istanbulkart is a rechargeable contactless card offering discounted fares and convenience for multiple passengers. The metro and trams provide efficient connections between neighborhoods and tourist attractions, while buses cover diverse routes. Ferries provide a scenic way to cross between the European and Asian sides of the city.

Taxis, dolmuş (shared minivans), and cable cars are alternative transportation options. Bike-sharing services and scooter rentals are convenient for short trips, and private boat tours on the Bosphorus provide a leisurely experience. Public transportation is generally the most efficient way to navigate the city, and the Istanbulkart ensures easy access to various modes of transportation. Walking is also a pleasant option for exploring many attractions and neighborhoods in Istanbul.

Accommodation in Istanbul

Istanbul offers diverse accommodation options to cater to travelers’ varied preferences and budgets. Here are some noteworthy choices:

• Ibrahim Pasha Hotel. In Sultanahmet’s heart, Ibrahim Pasha Hotel is a charming boutique hotel with an elegant Ottoman-inspired design. Its central location allows easy access to major attractions like Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque.
• Villa Denise. Nestled in a peaceful neighborhood, Villa Denise offers a tranquil and homely atmosphere. This quaint guesthouse retreats from the bustling city and is an excellent choice for those seeking a more relaxed ambiance.
• Anemon Galata Hotel. Situated in the trendy Galata neighborhood, Anemon Galata Hotel offers contemporary accommodation with stylish interiors. It’s an ideal option for travelers exploring the city’s vibrant arts and cultural scene.
• Sumahan-on-the-Water. This luxury hotel stands on the waterfront of the Bosphorus, offering stunning views and a serene setting. Sumahan-on-the-Water provides a luxurious escape while close to the city’s attractions.
• Hotel Daphnis. Located in the heart of Istanbul, Hotel Daphnis offers modern amenities and easy access to shopping, dining, and entertainment options, making it a practical choice for urban exploration.
• Sinbad Hostel. Sinbad Hostel offers shared dorms and private rooms as a budget-friendly option, making it a popular choice for backpackers and young travelers looking to socialize and explore the city on a budget.
• Rapunzel Guesthouse. This cozy guesthouse is known for its warm hospitality and welcoming atmosphere. Situated in a quiet neighborhood, it’s an excellent spot for relaxation after a day of sightseeing.
• Antique Hostel. Antique Hostel offers a charming stay in a restored Ottoman building for a blend of history and affordability. Its central location allows easy access to major landmarks and public transportation.

Food in Istanbul

Food in Istanbul is a delightful culinary journey that showcases the city’s rich history and diverse influences. Here’s an overview of the delicious food experiences you can enjoy in Istanbul:

• Turkish Breakfast (Kahvaltı). Start your day with a traditional Turkish breakfast featuring various savory and sweet items. Enjoy olives, cheese, tomatoes, cucumbers, honey, jams, and various bread types, accompanied by Turkish tea or freshly brewed coffee.
• Street Food Delights. Istanbul’s streets are filled with delectable street food options. Try simit, a sesame-covered bread ring; dürüm, a savory wrap filled with grilled meat or veggies; or kokoreç, a dish made of seasoned lamb or goat intestines.
• Kebabs and Grills. Savor succulent kebabs, including döner (thinly sliced meat), şiş kebab (skewered meat), and adana kebab (spicy minced meat). You can also enjoy grilled fish during the fishing season, especially along the Bosphorus.
• Meze refers to a selection of small dishes served as appetizers. Indulge in a variety of meze, such as hummus, baba ghanoush, dolma (stuffed grape leaves), and cacık (yogurt with cucumber and garlic).
• Turkish Delight (Lokum) and Baklava. Satisfy your sweet tooth with Turkish delight, a chewy and sugary confection, and baklava, a heavenly pastry made of layers of filo filled with nuts and sweet syrup.
• Istanbul’s coastal location offers abundant fresh seafood options, including grilled fish, calamari, and seafood stews.
• Turkish Pide and Lahmacun. Try Turkish pide, a boat-shaped flatbread topped with various ingredients like cheese, meat, or vegetables. Lahmacun, often called “Turkish pizza,” is a thin flatbread topped with minced meat and vegetables.
• Turkish Tea and Coffee. Sip on traditional Turkish tea or indulge in a strong and aromatic Turkish coffee, often served with Turkish delight.

Best Places to Eat in Istanbul

Regarding the best places to eat in Istanbul, the city boasts a vibrant culinary scene with something for every palate. Here are some must-visit eateries:

• Sultanahmet Koftecisi. Situated in the heart of Sultanahmet, Sultanahmet Koftecisi has been delighting locals and tourists alike with its delectable Turkish meatballs (köfte) since 1920. Pair their flavorful köfte with piyaz (white bean salad) and ayran (yogurt-based drink) for an authentic Turkish meal.
• Karaköy Güllüoğlu. A true baklava paradise, Karaköy Güllüoğlu has been serving sweet indulgence since 1820. Their baklava comes in various mouthwatering flavors and sizes, making it a must-try dessert in Istanbul.
• Ciya Sofrası. Located in Kadikoy, Ciya Sofrası offers an extensive menu of authentic Anatolian dishes. With a focus on regional Turkish cuisine, it’s a food lover’s haven for exploring diverse flavors.
• Balıkçı Sabahattin. Found in Sultanahmet, Balıkçı Sabahattin is a seafood lover’s dream. Their fresh fish and seafood dishes, prepared with traditional Turkish flair, promise a delightful dining experience.
• Specializing in Ottoman cuisine, Asitane in Edirnekapi brings historical Ottoman recipes to life. Indulge in unique dishes like hünkar beğendi (lamb stew with aubergine puree) and chicken cooked with dried fruits.
• Çiya Kebap. From the renowned Ciya family, Çiya Kebap in Kadikoy serves up delicious kebabs and grilled meat dishes, offering a taste of southeastern Turkey.
• Sunset Grill & Bar. For a fine dining experience with a stunning Bosphorus view, head to Sunset Grill & Bar in Ulus. Their fusion of Turkish and international cuisine makes it a perfect choice for special occasions.
• Street Food Stalls near Ortakoy Mosque. Savor delicious street food offerings near Ortakoy Mosque, known for its lively atmosphere and tasty treats.
• Hafiz Mustafa 1864. A classic in the city, Hafiz Mustafa 1864 is a renowned dessert shop offering many delectable Turkish delights and desserts.
• The Melting Pot Area of Aksaray. Aksaray is a bustling area, perfect for experiencing a blend of different cuisines from various regions and cultures.

Banking and Money

The official currency is the Turkish Lira (TRY), and foreign currencies can be easily exchanged at exchange offices, banks, or ATMs throughout the city. Major credit cards like Visa and MasterCard are widely accepted in hotels, restaurants, and larger shops. ATMs are readily available and accept international debit and credit cards for cash withdrawals in Turkish Lira.

Istanbul is home to various local and international banks, providing English-speaking services for expats and tourists. Exchange offices, known as döviz bürosu, offer competitive rates during regular business hours. Istanbul is generally safe for banking transactions, but it’s always wise to be vigilant while using ATMs or conducting financial transactions.

Tipping is customary in Istanbul, and credit cards are widely accepted. However, carrying some cash is advisable for smaller purchases in local shops or markets. With the embrace of digital banking, customers can easily perform various transactions online or through mobile banking apps.

Shopping in Istanbul

Shopping in Istanbul is a magnificent cultural experience, offering diverse products for your home, wardrobe, and art collection. The Grand Bazaar and its surroundings are ideal for finding exquisite carpets, fabrics, and linen, with opportunities to negotiate for the best prices. Istanbul’s awe-inspiring jewelry craftsmanship features majestic necklaces, tiaras, and bracelets adorned with gold, silver, and precious stones.

For art and antique enthusiasts, Istanbul presents a treasure trove that includes vintage wooden furniture, rare chandeliers, and various exotic decor. Contemporary Istanbul showcases numerous galleries and artists, reflecting the city’s vibrant art scene. The Spice Bazaar offers a unique experience with its vibrant Asian flavors.

Designer boutiques and vintage shops near the Galata Tower and on Istiklal Street cater to diverse tastes. Like Istinye Park and Kanyon Istanbul, Istanbul’s shopping malls offer many brands and products.

Shopping in Istanbul is not just about acquiring goods; it’s about embracing the city’s cultural richness and diverse offerings. From the historic charm of the Grand Bazaar to the contemporary art scene, Istanbul’s shopping landscape is a delightful fusion of tradition and modernity.

Nightlife in Istanbul

Istanbul’s nightlife is an eclectic blend of vibrant experiences, catering to a diverse crowd. From the energetic nightclubs and bars in Taksim Square and Beyoğlu to the enchanting Bosphorus night cruises with live entertainment, the city offers something for everyone. Music lovers can revel in the city’s live music venues in Kadikoy and Cihangir. At the same time, those seeking a taste of Turkish culture can unwind at meyhanes, enjoying traditional music, dance, meze, and raki.

As the night unfolds, Istanbul’s bustling street food scene comes alive with late-night markets offering delicious simit, dürüm, and kokoreç. Those seeking excitement can visit casinos for gaming options and entertainment. Additionally, all-night restaurants and cafes cater to those craving a late-night bite, serving traditional Turkish dishes and international cuisine until the early hours.

Whether you’re dancing the night away, enjoying live music, or savoring local delicacies, Istanbul’s nightlife promises unforgettable experiences. However, it’s essential to remain aware of your surroundings and exercise caution, especially in crowded areas, to ensure a safe and enjoyable night out in this vibrant city.

Wi-Fi and Internet Connection

Istanbul offers widespread access to Wi-Fi and reliable internet connections, making it convenient for residents and visitors to stay connected. Before your trip to Istanbul, arrange an international data and call package with your GSM provider. This will ensure you have seamless connectivity upon landing in Istanbul.

The city and many top destinations in Turkey offer free Wi-Fi connection sponsored by the local municipality through various hotspot locations around town. To access this free Wi-Fi, you’ll need to register, and once registered, you’ll receive 1 GB of data every day with a speed of 2 Mbps. While the connection may not be as strong as you’d like, it can still get the job done, making it convenient for residents and visitors to stay connected while exploring this beautiful city.

Additionally, major mobile operators can offer local SIM cards for those staying longer or seeking faster internet, offering various prepaid data packages to suit your data usage needs. Whether checking emails, navigating the city, or sharing your travel experiences online, you’ll find the internet an essential and accessible part of daily life in Istanbul.

Best Places to Visit in Istanbul

Istanbul is a city rich in history, culture, and stunning architecture. Here are some of the best places to visit in this enchanting city:

• Hagia Sophia. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Hagia Sophia is an architectural marvel that has served as a church, mosque, and museum over the centuries. Its impressive dome and Byzantine mosaics make it a must-visit attraction.
• Topkapi Palace. Explore the grandeur of the former residence of Ottoman sultans. Topkapi Palace houses many artifacts, including the famous Topkapi Dagger and the Prophet Muhammad’s cloak.
• Grand Bazaar. Dive into the vibrant atmosphere of the Grand Bazaar, one of the world’s oldest and largest covered markets. Shop for souvenirs, carpets, spices, jewelry, and more in its labyrinthine alleys.
• Bosphorus Cruise. Take a leisurely cruise along the Bosphorus Strait, enjoying breathtaking views of Istanbul’s skyline and landmarks, including Dolmabahçe Palace and the Maiden’s Tower.
• Chora Church (Kariye Museum). Admire the beautifully preserved Byzantine mosaics and frescoes in the Chora Church, now the Kariye Museum, depicting religious scenes from the 14th century.
• Süleymaniye Mosque. Visit the grand Süleymaniye Mosque, an architectural masterpiece and one of Istanbul’s largest mosques, built by the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan.
• Dolmabahçe Palace. Marvel at the opulent Dolmabahçe Palace, a stunning blend of Ottoman and European architectural styles that served as the Ottoman Empire’s administrative center.
• Princes’ Islands. Take a ferry to the Princes’ Islands, a group of car-free islands in the Sea of Marmara known for their tranquil atmosphere and charming old Ottoman houses.
• Explore the fascinating Miniaturk, an outdoor miniature park showcasing miniature replicas of famous Turkish landmarks and historical sites nationwide.

When Is the Best Time to Visit Istanbul?

The best time to visit Istanbul is spring (April to May) and fall (September to mid-November) when the weather is mild and tourist crowds are manageable. Spring offers colorful blooms and pleasant temperatures, making it ideal for outdoor sightseeing. Fall provides comfortable weather and fewer tourists, allowing you to explore the city’s attractions easily.

Summer (June to August) is the peak season with hot and sometimes humid weather. While you’ll experience vibrant festivals and a lively atmosphere, be prepared for larger crowds and higher prices. If you enjoy summer activities and events, this is the time to visit.

On the other hand, winter (December to February) is the off-peak season, and Istanbul experiences cold temperatures and occasional rain or snow. Despite the weather, you can still enjoy indoor attractions, museums, and a festive ambiance during the holiday season.

Is Istanbul Expensive to Visit?

The cost of visiting Istanbul can vary depending on several factors, including accommodation, dining, activities, and transportation. Flights to Istanbul will also play a significant role in your overall expenses. The airfare prices vary based on your departure location and travel time. For instance, flights from EU countries can range from €250-350, while flights from the UK may cost around £175-325. Travelers from the US can expect airfares between $500-750, and those flying from Canada might find prices from CAD 850-1400.

If you aim to save on flights, consider traveling during the low season, which typically begins in late November and lasts through the summer. Due to peak tourist demand, airfare prices tend to be highest in June and July. Planning your trip during the off-peak season gives you a better chance of finding the best flight deals.

Other prices in Istanbul include the following:

• Meal, inexpensive restaurant – €5.48
• Meal for two people, mid-range restaurant, three-course – €26.99
• One-way ticket – €0.34
• Basic utilities – €54.80
• Apartment (1 bedroom) in the city center – €579.20
• Apartment (1 bedroom) outside of center – €377.12
• Apartment (3 bedrooms) in the city center – €1,023.98
• Apartment (3 bedrooms) outside of center – €650.39

What Are Some Etiquette Tips for Interacting with Locals in Istanbul?

Interacting with locals in Istanbul can be a rewarding experience, and knowing some etiquette tips will help you navigate the cultural norms and show respect for the local customs. Here are some tips to keep in mind:

• Use basic Turkish phrases like “Merhaba” (Hello) and “Teşekkür ederim” (Thank you).
• Dress modestly, especially in religious sites and conservative areas.
• Remove shoes when entering someone’s home or a mosque.
• Avoid prolonged and direct eye contact in conversations.
• Accept tea (“çay”) when offered as a gesture of hospitality.
• Be polite, use respectful language, and avoid controversial topics.
• Tip around 10-15% in restaurants and cafes for good service.
• Respect religious customs in mosques, and cover hair if required.
• Embrace local customs and show appreciation for the culture.

Things to Know Before Visiting Istanbul

Before visiting Istanbul, there are some important things to know to ensure a smooth and enjoyable trip:

• Visa Requirements. Check visa requirements for your nationality before traveling to Istanbul. Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months before departure.
• The official currency is the Turkish Lira (TRY). While some places may accept major foreign currencies, having Turkish Lira for day-to-day expenses is best.
• Turkish is the official language. English is widely spoken in tourist areas, but learning a few basic Turkish phrases can be helpful and appreciated.
• Istanbul experiences four distinct seasons. Check the weather forecast before your trip and pack accordingly.
• Culture and Etiquette. Familiarize yourself with Turkish culture and etiquette. Dress modestly in religious sites, remove shoes when entering homes, and respect local customs.
• Istanbul has an extensive public transportation system, including buses, trams, and ferries. Consider getting an Istanbulkart for convenient travel.
• Istanbul is generally safe for travelers, but like any big city, be mindful of pickpockets and scams. Avoid poorly lit or deserted areas at night.
• Time Zone. Istanbul operates on Turkey Time (TRT), which is UTC+3.
• Cultural Sites. Many museums and historical sites are closed on specific days of the week, usually Mondays or Tuesdays. Check opening hours and plan your visits accordingly.
• Bargaining is common in markets like the Grand Bazaar. Be polite and negotiate for a fair price.

History of Istanbul

Istanbul’s captivating history spans millennia, from its ancient roots as Byzantium to its glorious era as Constantinople. Founded in 667 BCE, it evolved under Roman rule and became the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE, known as Constantinople.

As the Byzantine Empire’s center from 395 to 1453 CE, Constantinople flourished with remarkable structures like the Hagia Sophia and Theodosian Walls. In 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered the city, transforming it into Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1985, Istanbul’s historical areas were designated as UNESCO World Heritage, preserving iconic landmarks like Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque. In 2010, it was celebrated as the European Capital of Culture, showcasing its vibrant contemporary art scene.

Today, Istanbul is a seamless blend of historical treasures and modern allure, enchanting visitors worldwide with its timeless charm and cultural richness.

Istanbul in 2010 – European Capital of Culture

Initiated by the 1985 Greek Minister of Culture, Melina Mercouri the idea behind European Capital of Culture was to promote cultural richness and diversity as well as multinational symbiosis in such baffling harmony around great cities of this continent. As the idea was highly appreciated by the European Council of Ministers, the project was put into implementation right away. Now every year, a different city is chosen to be the European Capital of Culture and as of 2000 the millennia, more than one city represents European Capital of Culture including countries that are yet to be part of the European Union.

What is its major purpose?

The European Capital of Culture has several benign purposes besides being a great means to promote European legacy.

• Emphasize the importance of the cultural diversities.
• Reveal cultural impact on the development of modern entities
• Rejuvenate the spirits of some unheard cities
• Internationalizing some left back, homogeneous cities
• Help revolutionize and boost tourism.

How is the European capital of culture selected?

Six years prior to the selection, the Member states invite cities to apply for the title, a process commonly handled by the Ministry of Culture. Cities that do apply for the competition are obliged to submit a decent proposal. Based on a set of established criteria, a group of independent experts in various fields of culture meticulously reviews the applications and make the narrow selection.

After several discussions and possible request for a detailed presentation of the data, the panel chooses a city from every country that participates as a finalists list. Unanimously they decide which will be the city of the year to take the crown.

EU commission is there to make sure that everything is played by the rules and within equal rights.

Afterwards, the decision goes through ladders of implementation as the hardest part.

Commonly, European Capitals of Culture are selected four years prior to the title, so the city can richly prepare to meet the standards. Of course, European Commission is available every step of the way for support guidance and advice.

After a certain period of monitoring, the panel decided whether it is worthy to reward the Melina Mercouri Prize to the designated city, some 1.5m euro reward funded by EU Creative Europe program.

After each year, the European Culture Capital is evaluated by the European Commission for its outcome in the frontier.

What is next?

European Capitals of Culture have already been designated until 2027:

• 2024: Bad Ischl (Austria), Tartu (Estonia) and Bodø (Norway)
• 2025: Chemnitz (Germany) and Nova Gorica (Slovenia)
• 2026: Oulu (Finland) and Trenčín (Slovakia)
• 2027: Liepāja (Latvia) and Évora (Portugal)

As of April 2014, there have been changes within the initiative that will start implementing after 2019. The European Parliament and Council have come up with a list of Member States that are eligible to hold the title from 2020 until 2033.

The new order makes It possible for the chosen city to hold on to the title for three years in a row. It will be an open competition where cities from various countries will compete against each other.

Cities wishing to take part in future should await the announcement of a competition in their own country, and then complete and submit a bid in response to the call for applications published by the authority in charge of the competition (usually the Ministry of Culture).

Which cities have been chosen as European Capital of Culture up to this date?

• 1985 – Athens (Greece)
• 1986 – Florence (Italy)
• 1987 – Amsterdam (Holland)
• 1988 – Berlin (East and West Germany)
• 1989 – Paris (France)
• 1990 – Glasgow (Great Britain)
• 1991 – Dublin (Ireland)
• 1992 – Madrid (Spain)
• 1993 – Antwerp (Belgium)
• 1994 – Lisbon (Portugal)
• 1995 – Luxembourg
• 1996 – Copenhagen (Denmark)
• 1997 – Thessaloniki (Greece)
• 1998 – Stockholm (Sweden)
• 1999 – Weimar (Germany)
• 2000 – Avignon (France), Bergen (Norway), Bologna (Italy), Brüssel (Belgium), Helsinki (Finland), Krakow (Poland), Praha (Czech Republic), Reykjavik (Iceland), Santiago de Compostela (Spain)
• 2001 – Rotterdam (Holland), Porto (Portugal)
• 2002 – Brügge (Belgium), Salamanca (Spain)
• 2003 – Graz (Austria)
• 2004 – Genoa (Italy), Lille (France)
• 2005 – Cork (Ireland)
• 2006 – Patras (Greece)
• 2007 – Sibiu (Romania), Luxembourg
• 2008 – Liverpool (Great Britain), Stavanger (Norway)
• 2009 – Vilnius (Lithuania), Linz (Austria)
• 2010 – Essen (Germany), Istanbul (Turkey), Pecs (Hungary)
• 2011 – Turku (Finland), Tallinn (Estonia)
• 2012 – Guimaraes (Portugal), Maribor (Slovenia)
• 2013 – Marseille (France), Kosice (Slovakia)
• 2014 – Riga (Latvia), Umea (Sweden)
• 2015 – Mons (Belgium), Plzen (Czech Republic)
• 2016 – San Sebastian (Spain), Wroclaw (Poland)
• 2017 – Aarhus (Denmark), Paphos (Cyprus)
• 2018 – Leuwaarden (Holland), Valletta (Malta)
• 2019 – Matera (Italy), Plovdiv (Bulgaria)
• 2020 – Rijeka (Croatia), Galway (Ireland)
• 2021 – None due to Covid-19
• 2022 – Kaunas (Lithuania), Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg), Novi Sad (Serbia)
• 2023 – Veszprém (Hungary), Timisoara (Romania), Elefsina (Greece)
• 2024 – Tartu (Estonia), Bad Ischl-Salzkammergut (Austria), Bodø (Norway)